Analysis of <i>Solanum torvum</i> leaves: GC-MS profiling, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity assessment, in silico ADME/T predictions and molecular docking

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v26i53.3894

Keywords:

Solanum torvum, antioxidant, Thrombolytic, analgesic, GC-MS analysis

Abstract

This research investigates the phytochemical, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of Solanum torvum (S. torvum). 42 bioactive chemicals were identified by phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The compounds included bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexadecanoic acid, and 2R-Acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol. S. torvum showed potent antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 124.7 μg/mL, and significant thrombolytic potential, displaying 78.10% clot lysis at 1000 μg/mL. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test on Swiss Albino mice, S. torvum at a 400 mg/kg dose greatly reduced writhing by 60%, similar to diclofenac-Na (50 mg/kg). Replace additionally, molecular docking studies revealed strong binding scores of key compounds to targets such as tissue plasminogen activator and COX-2. ADME/T analysis further suggested their drug-likeness, safety, and pharmacological potential. These findings substantiate the therapeutic value of S. torvum in medicinal research and drug development. This study is novel for its integrated approach, combining phytochemical analysis, in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico modeling. It identifies 42 compounds in S. torvum leaves, many newly reported, and demonstrates strong thrombolytic and analgesic activities, supported by molecular docking, highlighting its drug development potential.

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Author Biography

Abul Kalam Azad, Faculty of Pharmacy, University College of MAIWP International, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dr. Md. Abul Kalam Azad (A. K. Azad), an expert in Polymers and Biomaterials science and encapsulation technology with a focus on composite materials and surface technologies for targeted drug delivery, is currently the senior lecturer at Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University College MAIWP International, Malaysia. In 2023 and 2024, Dr. Azad was listed as Top 2% scientist by Stanford University for his extraordinary achievement on polymers related research. He has published over 100 publications, 20 book chapters and several patents. All of his efforts lead to become organizing and scientific committee member of many international conferences including PRISAL-UCMI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. 19th August 2023, (Organizing Committee Member), 4th Malaysian Congress of Toxicology (MYCOT 2023), IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia, 5th Malaysian Congress of Toxicology (MYCOT 2024), TBC, Malaysia., Secretariate, 2nd AIMST Conference, 2022, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia. Dr. Azad also invited as a keynote speaker in national and international conferences on Polymer Nanocomposites. Dr. A. K. Azad obtained his Masters, PhD from the International Islamic University Malaysia and has postdoctoral research fellow for academic & research experience, having been head of the Pharmaceutical Engineering Department at the MAHSA University, Malaysia for 2 years. This is complemented by his long academic and research experience as leading guest editor in Journal of Herbal Medicine, (Q2, impact factor 2.3) Elsevier, Leading guest editor in Polymers, (Q1, impact factor 5.0) MDPI and Editor-In-Chief (2018-present), Research and Review: Drugs and Drugs Development, Editorial Board member (2018), Trends in Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology and Editorial Board member (2018), Journal of Pharmacological Research and Developments. He has reviewed more than 200 articles from Elsevier, Springer Nature, Taylor and Francis, Dove Press, Bentham Science, John Wiley & Sons and Nature as well. He also received numerous National and international awards (The Best Award (Open Category) in Innovation and Invention, MTExpo-2018, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) and gold medal (MTExpo-2018, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) for his outstanding research findings. Recently, He awarded US Green Card in the category of EB-1A for his extraordinary contributions in pharmaceutical formulations development.

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Published

2025-06-18

How to Cite

Nahar, N., Barua, B., Ripa, J. D., Dutta, A., & Azad, A. K. (2025). Analysis of <i>Solanum torvum</i> leaves: GC-MS profiling, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity assessment, in silico ADME/T predictions and molecular docking. Mongolian Journal of Chemistry, 26(53), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v26i53.3894

Issue

Vol. 26 No. 53 (2025)

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2025 Nazmun Nahar, Beethi Barua, Joya Data Ripa, Ankita Dutta, Abul Kalam Azad

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